100 x Urine Test Strips for Infection Cystitis Testing Sticks, UTI, Nitrite, Leukocytes, 8 Parameter Urinalysis Multisticks

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Causes of raised specific gravity include dehydration, glycosuria (e.g. diabetes mellitus) and proteinuria (e.g. nephrotic syndrome). The reaction is specific for glucose, as occurs in all enzymatic reactions, but it can provide some false positive results due to the presence of traces of strong oxidising agents or peroxide from disinfectants used on laboratory instruments. [6] Ketone test [ edit ]

The urinary tract is your body's system for making urine and then getting rid of it from your body. It includes your two kidneys, bladder and urethra. Your kidneys filter your blood to make urine, which is stored in the bladder until you need to urinate. When you urinate, the urine travels down your urethra and exits your body: your urethra is the tube that carries the urine out of your body. A UTI can affect any part of your urinary tract, depending on how far up the bacteria has travelled. If your bladder becomes infected it is known as cystitis; if your urethra is infected you have urethritis; if your kidneys become infected, it is known as a kidney infection or pyelonephritis. Can men get cystitis?A urinalysis is simply an analysis of the urine. It is a very common test that can be performed in many health care settings, including doctors' offices, urgent care facilities, laboratories, hospitals, and even at home. Your Kidneys and How They Work". National Kidney and Urological Disease Information Clearing House. 2007. Archived from the original on 2011-04-11 . Retrieved 2009-02-17. {{ cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= ( help) hour urine collection for proteins (in diagnosing causes of kidney impairment, diabetic related kidney disease, lupus related kidney disease), Substances that can cause cloudiness but are not harmful include mucus, sperm, prostatic fluid and skin cells. Other substances that make urine cloudy are white/red blood cells, pus or bacteria that need attention. Frothy urine signifies protein in the urine.

Once you have interpreted all of the tests, discard the strip into the clinical waste bin along with your PPE. Intestinal bacteria convert the conjugated bilirubin that is excreted by the bile duct into the intestine into urobilinogen and stercobilinogen. Part of the urobilinogen is reabsorbed in the intestine then circulated in the blood to the liver where it is excreted. A small part of this recirculated urobilinogen is filtered out by the kidneys and appears in urine (less than 1mg/dL urine). The stercobilinogen can not be reabsorbed and remains in the intestine. [15] [16] Blood can enter urine via damage to the filtration barrier in the kidneys that normally prevents blood from entering the urine or because of an abnormality to the structures that usually drain urine from the kidneys, store urine (bladder) or transport urine outside (urethra) (Bryant and Catto, 2008). Blood in the urine can be indicative of kidney disease; inflammatory lesions of the urinary tract (infection or cancer); renal damage; or kidney/renal stones. A number of substances interfere with the Ehrlich reaction on the Multistix strip: porphobilinogen, indican, p-amino salicylic acid, sulphonamide, methyldopa, procaine and chlorpromazine. The test should be carried out at room temperature as the reaction's sensitivity increases with temperature. Poorly stored samples can yield false negative results as the urobilinogen suffers photo oxidation to urobilin that does not react. The formaldehyde used as a preservative produces false negatives in both reactions. [16] Urinary infections [ edit ] It is normal to find up to 3 (occasionally 5) leukocytes per high power field (40X) in a urine sample, with women having slightly higher results owing to vaginal contamination. [ citation needed] Higher numbers indicate urinary infection. The urine test strip test for white blood cells detects leukocyte esterase, which is present in azurophilic granules of monocytes and granulocytes ( neutrophilic, eosinophilic and basophilic). Bacteria, lymphocytes and epithelial cells from the genitourinary tract do not contain esterases. [21] Neutrophil granulocytes are the leukocytes most commonly associated with urinary infections. A positive test for leukocyte esterase normally indicates the presence of bacteria and a positive nitrite test (although it is not always the case). Infections caused by Trichomonas, Chlamydia and yeasts produce leukocyturia without bacteriuria. The inflammation of the renal tissues ( interstitial nephritis) can produce leukocyturia, in particular toxic interstitial nephritis with predominant eosinophils. [21]Urine test stripis a narrow plastic strip which has several squares of different colors attached to it. Each small square represents a component of the test used to interpret urinalysis. The entire test strip is dipped in the urine sample and color changes in each square are noted. The color change takes place after several seconds to a few minutes from dipping the strip. If read too early or too long after the urinalysis strip is dipped, the results may not be accurate. An improper technique can produce false results, for example, leukocytes and erythrocytes precipitate at the bottom of the container and may not be detected if the sample is not properly mixed, and in the same way, if an excess of urine remains on the strip after it has been removed from the test sample, may cause the reagents to leak from the pads onto adjacent pads resulting in mixing and distortion of the colours. To ensure that this does not occur it is recommended the edges of the strip are dried on absorbent paper. [2] Reactions for generalised tests [ edit ] Comparison between two reactive strips, one pathological (to the left, from a patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus), and an unreacted strip. From top to bottom the pathological strip shows: Leukocytes (-), nitrites (-), urobilinogen (-), proteins (+), pH (5), hemoglobin (+), specific gravity (1.025), ketones (++++), bilirubin (+), glucose (+++). pH [ edit ] One of the kidneys’ important functions is to reabsorb water after glomerular filtration. The complex process of reabsorption is usually one of the first renal functions to be affected by disease. The specific gravity of urine is a measure of its density compared to H 2O and depends on the quantity and density of solutes (molecules with more mass per volume increase measure of specific gravity). The measurement of specific gravity should not be confused with the measurement of osmotic concentration, which is more related to the number of particles than with their mass. [7] Routine medical evaluation: general yearly screening, assessment before surgery (preoperative assessment), admission to hospital, screening for kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension ( high blood pressure), liver disease, etc. Hemoglobin and myoglobin testing [ edit ] Microphotograph of a macroscopic hematuria, the biconcave form of the red blood cells is clearly visible, it is rare to find examples in such a well conserved condition.