All in One Multi-Functional LED Closet Light, Motion Sensor Under Cabinet Light, with Remote Control, Stick Anywhere, Rechargeable Battery Operated LED Night Light Bar for Wardrobe, Kitchen, Stairs

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US Patent 3293513, "Semiconductor Radiant Diode", James R. Biard and Gary Pittman, Filed on Aug. 8th, 1962, Issued on Dec. 20th, 1966. One-color light is well suited for traffic lights and signals, exit signs, emergency vehicle lighting, ships' navigation lights, and LED-based Christmas lights

UV-C wavelengths were obtained in laboratories using aluminium nitride (210nm), [93] boron nitride (215nm) [94] [95] and diamond (235nm). [96] White LEDs [ edit ] High-power LEDs (HP-LEDs) or high-output LEDs (HO-LEDs) can be driven at currents from hundreds of mA to more than an ampere, compared with the tens of mA for other LEDs. Some can emit over a thousand lumens. [130] [131] LED power densities up to 300 W/cm 2 have been achieved. Since overheating is destructive, the HP-LEDs must be mounted on a heat sink to allow for heat dissipation. If the heat from an HP-LED is not removed, the device fails in seconds. One HP-LED can often replace an incandescent bulb in a flashlight, or be set in an array to form a powerful LED lamp. Voltage sensitivity: LEDs must be supplied with a voltage above their threshold voltage and a current below their rating. Current and lifetime change greatly with a small change in applied voltage. They thus require a current-regulated supply (usually just a series resistor for indicator LEDs). [155]The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering. [39] [40] At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on related work. In 1971, the year after Maruska left for Stanford, his RCA colleagues Pankove and Ed Miller demonstrated the first blue electroluminescence from zinc-doped gallium nitride, though the subsequent device Pankove and Miller built, the first actual gallium nitride light-emitting diode, emitted green light. [41] [42] In 1974 the U.S. Patent Office awarded Maruska, Rhines, and Stanford professor David Stevenson a patent for their work in 1972 (U.S. Patent US3819974 A). Today, magnesium-doping of gallium nitride remains the basis for all commercial blue LEDs and laser diodes. In the early 1970s, these devices were too dim for practical use, and research into gallium nitride devices slowed. In an organic light-emitting diode ( OLED), the electroluminescent material composing the emissive layer of the diode is an organic compound. The organic material is electrically conductive due to the delocalization of pi electrons caused by conjugation over all or part of the molecule, and the material therefore functions as an organic semiconductor. [116] The organic materials can be small organic molecules in a crystalline phase, or polymers. [117] There are RGBW LEDs that combine RGB units with a phosphor white LED on the market. Doing so retains the extremely tunable color of RGB LED, but allows color rendering and efficiency to be optimized when a color close to white is selected. [111] LEDs are useful for machine vision because they provide a compact, reliable source of light. LED lamps can be turned on and off to suit the needs of the vision system, and the shape of the beam produced can be tailored to match the system's requirements. Kubota, Y.; Watanabe, K.; Tsuda, O.; Taniguchi, T. (2007). "Deep Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Hexagonal Boron Nitride Synthesized at Atmospheric Pressure". Science. 317 (5840): 932–934. Bibcode: 2007Sci...317..932K. doi: 10.1126/science.1144216. PMID 17702939.

Because LEDs can cycle on and off millions of times per second, very high data bandwidth can be achieved. [179] For that reason, Visible Light Communication (VLC) has been proposed as an alternative to the increasingly competitive radio bandwidth. [180] By operating in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, data can be transmitted without occupying the frequencies of radio communications. Handbook on the Physics and ChePark, S. -I.; Xiong, Y.; Kim, R. -H.; Elvikis, P.; Meitl, M.; Kim, D. -H.; Wu, J.; Yoon, J.; Yu, C. -J.; Liu, Z.; Huang, Y.; Hwang, K. -C.; Ferreira, P.; Li, X.; Choquette, K.; Rogers, J. A. (2009). "Printed Assemblies of Inorganic Light-Emitting Diodes for Deformable and Semitransparent Displays" (PDF). Science. 325 (5943): 977–981. Bibcode: 2009Sci...325..977P. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.660.3338. doi: 10.1126/science.1175690. OSTI 1876039. PMID 19696346. S2CID 8062948. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 24, 2015. Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Kanda, H. (2004). "Direct-bandgap properties and evidence for ultraviolet lasing of hexagonal boron nitride single crystal". Nature Materials. 3 (6): 404–409. Bibcode: 2004NatMa...3..404W. doi: 10.1038/nmat1134. PMID 15156198. S2CID 23563849. Brief Biography— Holonyak, Craford, Dupuis" (PDF). Technology Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2007 . Retrieved May 30, 2007. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower power consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. In exchange for these generally favorable attributes, disadvantages of LEDs include electrical limitations to low voltage and generally to DC (not AC) power, inability to provide steady illumination from a pulsing DC or an AC electrical supply source, and lesser maximum operating temperature and storage temperature.

Schubert, E. Fred (2006) Light-emitting diodes (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86538-7 pp. 16–17 Nakamura, Shuji. "Development of the Blue Light-Emitting Diode". SPIE Newsroom . Retrieved September 28, 2015. Kurt Lehovec, Carl Accardo, and Edward Jamgochian explained these first LEDs in 1951 using an apparatus employing SiC crystals with a current source of a battery or a pulse generator and with a comparison to a variant, pure, crystal in 1953. [17] [18] Feng, Wenjing; Lin, Kebin; Li, Wenqiang; Xiao, Xiangtian; Lu, Jianxun; Yan, Chuanzhong; Liu, Xinyi; Xie, Liqiang; Tian, Chengbo; Wu, Dan; Wang, Kai; Wei, Zhanhua (May 4, 2021). "Efficient all-inorganic perovskite light-emitting diodes enabled by manipulating the crystal orientation". Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 9 (17): 11064–11072. doi: 10.1039/D1TA00093D. ISSN 2050-7496. S2CID 234226202. Lehovec, K; Accardo, C. A; Jamgochian, E (1951). "Injected Light Emission of Silicon Carbide Crystals". Physical Review. 83 (3): 603–607. Bibcode: 1951PhRv...83..603L. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.83.603. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014.

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Light pollution: Because white LEDs emit more short wavelength light than sources such as high-pressure sodium vapor lamps, the increased blue and green sensitivity of scotopic vision means that white LEDs used in outdoor lighting cause substantially more sky glow. [135]