National Geographic: The Photographs (National Geographic Collectors)

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Besides the camera, other methods of forming images with light are available. For instance, a photocopy or xerography machine forms permanent images but uses the transfer of static electrical charges rather than photographic medium, hence the term electrophotography. Photograms are images produced by the shadows of objects cast on the photographic paper, without the use of a camera. Objects can also be placed directly on the glass of an image scanner to produce digital pictures. Ronalds, B.F. (2016). Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph. London: Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-78326-917-4. Gernsheim, Helmut and Gernsheim, Alison (1955) The history of photography from the earliest use of the camera obscura in the eleventh century up to 1914. Oxford University Press. p. 20.

This guide will help you to find individual photographs among our vast holdings, some of them in discrete collections but many scattered more haphazardly among the documents of the scores of central government departments, past and present, that commissioned and collected them. Photographs, both monochrome and color, can be captured and displayed through two side-by-side images that emulate human stereoscopic vision. Stereoscopic photography was the first that captured figures in motion. [45] While known colloquially as "3-D" photography, the more accurate term is stereoscopy. Such cameras have long been realized by using film and more recently in digital electronic methods (including cell phone cameras). Photographers control the camera and lens to "expose" the light recording material to the required amount of light to form a " latent image" (on plate or film) or RAW file (in digital cameras) which, after appropriate processing, is converted to a usable image. Digital cameras use an electronic image sensor based on light-sensitive electronics such as charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The resulting digital image is stored electronically, but can be reproduced on a paper.On the other hand, photographs of renowned statesmen, royal figures and numerous other famous personalities both inside and outside government, from artists to engineers, are relatively easy to locate. You can search our catalogue with the name of the person and the word ‘photograph’. Implementation of color photography was hindered by the limited sensitivity of early photographic materials, which were mostly sensitive to blue, only slightly sensitive to green, and virtually insensitive to red. The discovery of dye sensitization by photochemist Hermann Vogel in 1873 suddenly made it possible to add sensitivity to green, yellow and even red. Improved color sensitizers and ongoing improvements in the overall sensitivity of emulsions steadily reduced the once-prohibitive long exposure times required for color, bringing it ever closer to commercial viability. Both King George VI and Queen Elizabeth commissioned numerous formal portraits, as well as acquiring many photographs of family and friends by photographers including Marcus Adams, Lisa Sheridan (Studio Lisa), Dorothy Wilding, Yousuf Karsh, Baron, Cecil Beaton, Lord Snowdon and Lord Lichfield.

Proceedings and report of the Widgery Tribunal of Inquiry into the events in Londonderry on Sunday 30 January 1972. Photographs, 1949-1973, in support of applications for either residential development or mineral extraction. War Crimes Case Files from the Judge Advocate General’s Office consisting of daily transcripts of proceedings, prosecution and defence summations. Most files have photographs, most often of the defendant, but some also depict the scene of the crime – they were used as exhibits.In 1845 Francis Ronalds, the Honorary Director of the Kew Observatory, invented the first successful camera to make continuous recordings of meteorological and geomagnetic parameters. Different machines produced 12- or 24- hour photographic traces of the minute-by-minute variations of atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, atmospheric electricity, and the three components of geomagnetic forces. The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use until well into the 20th century. [59] [60] Charles Brooke a little later developed similar instruments for the Greenwich Observatory. [61] Aircraft engines and components in development 1935-1952, from the papers of Air Commodore Sir Frank Whittle.